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Introduction to LNG Processes The refrigeration and liquefaction sections of any LNG project are very costly items of equipment. A number of cycles have been developed to achieve the low temperatures required. Brief descriptions of a small number of process routes will be give. Some twelve countries were operating by 2003. The cycles employed are the […]
Heavy oil is a type of petroleum that is different from conventional petroleum insofar as they are much more difficult to recover from the subsurface reservoir. Heavy oil, particularly heavy oil formed by biodegradation of organic deposits, are found in shallow reservoirs, formed by unconsolidated sands. This characteristic, which brings about difficulties during well […]
Principles of Combustion Effective fire prevention requires a thorough understanding of: 1) conditions under which flammable and combustible materials vaporize; 2) what is meant by an ignitable or flammable mixture; 3) what is meant by a source of ignition and how combustion spreads from such a source. This section discusses these topics. Definitions […]
Drilling Muds A water-base drilling fluid is one that has water as its continuous or liquid phase. The types of drilling fluids are briefly described in the following lines. Freshwater muds are generally lightly treated or untreated muds having a liquid phase of water, containing small concentrations of salt, and having a pH […]
Introduction Flaring is a volatile organic compound (VOC) combustion control process in which the VOCs are piped to a remote, usually elevated, location and burned in an open flame in the open air using a specially designed burner tip, auxiliary fuel, and steam or air to promote mixing for nearly complete (> 98%) VOC destruction. Completeness […]
Introduction The design of storage tanks for crude oil and petroleum products requires, in general, careful consideration of the following important factors: _ The vapor pressure of the materials to be stored. _ The storage tank temperature and pressure. _ Toxicity of the petroleum material In order to meet the environmental constraints on air […]
Types of Casing Based on the primary function of the casing string, there are five types of casing to be distinguished. Stove or Surface Casing The stovepipe is usually driven to sufficient depth (15–60 ft) to protect loose surface formation and to enable circulation of the drilling fluid. This pipe is sometimes cemented […]
Each drilling fluid vendor provides a wide array of basic and specialty chemicals to meet the needs of the drilling industry. The general classification of drilling fluid additives below is based on the definitions of the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC): Alkalinity or pH control additives are products designed to control […]
