On average, crude oil are made of the following elements or compounds: Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic […]

The glossary of terms used in directional drilling has been developed by the API Subcommittee on Controlled Deviation Drilling under the jurisdiction of the American Petroleum Institute Production Department’s Executive Committee on Drilling and Production Practice. The most frequently used terms listed below. Angle of inclination (angle of drift). The angle, in degrees, taken at […]

Surface Production Equipment - Well head - X-mass tree Subsurface Production Equipment - Tubing - Packer - Bridge Plug - Safety Valve Production Wellheads The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase. The wellhead also incorporates a means of hanging the production tubing […]

Removing water from crude oil often requires additional processing beyond gravitational separation. In selecting a treating system, several factors should be considered to determine the most desirable methods of treating the crude oil to contract requirements. Some of these factors are: Tightness of the emulsion. Specific gravity of the oil and produced water. Corrosiveness of […]

when talking about oil well drilling, it is important to know How well the drilling bit drills depends on several factors, such as the condition of the drilling bit, the weight applied to it, and the rate at which it is rotated. Also important for a drilling bit performance is the effectiveness of the drilling […]

First of all we have to understand the Classification of Petroleum Products The petroleum products that may be subject to evaluation can be grouped as: crude oil - natural gas - associated products Crude oil is a liquid composite of many hydrocarbon compounds that, depending on the composition, has differing properties such as oil gravity, […]

Drilling Fluid Definitions and General Functions Results of research has shown that penetration rate and its response to weight on bit and rotary speed is highly dependent on the hydraulic horsepower reaching the formation at the bit. Because the drilling fluid flow rate sets the system pressure losses and these pressure losses set the hydraulic […]

The sequence of operations is as follows when a land well is drilled: - Prepare location before rig arrives. - Dig cellar. - Install conductor pipe. - Prepare support pad for rig, camp, etc - Build roads, fencing, dig pits. - Sometimes drill water well. - Move rig on to location, rig up and prepare […]

In addition to the requirement that source rock exists for the generation of hydrocarbons, and that reservoir rock exists for the storage and production of the generated hydrocarbons, traps must also exist to trap, or seal, the hydrocarbon in place forming a hydrocarbon reservoir. The fluids of the subsurface migrate according to density. As previously […]

by Abass Radhi Abbas The Exploration and Production Lifecycle There are five stages in the exploration and production ‘lifecycle’. These stages step through how hydrocarbons are discovered to what happens after an oil or gas field is decommissioned. Each stage is described below in terms of the activities, jobs, cost and time involved. There are […]