Distillation towers are the heart of a process plant, and the working component of a distillation column is the tray. A tray consists of the following components, as shown in figure below: Overflow, or outlet weir Downcomer Tray deck There are two types of tray decks: perforated trays and bubble cap trays. In […]
Category: Equipment- English
Vessels
Horizontal Tanks (HT) Horizontal vessels are commonly used as settling drums, surge tanks, reactors and distillate drums. A settling drum is used for phase separation between two immiscible liquids. The L/D ratio of a settling drum is normally four. A surge tank or surge drum is used to maintain a constant flowrate of liquid to a downstream […]
Flares
Introduction Flaring is a volatile organic compound (VOC) combustion control process in which the VOCs are piped to a remote, usually elevated, location and burned in an open flame in the open air using a specially designed burner tip, auxiliary fuel, and steam or air to promote mixing for nearly complete (> 98%) VOC destruction. Completeness […]
Storage Tanks
Introduction The design of storage tanks for crude oil and petroleum products requires, in general, careful consideration of the following important factors: _ The vapor pressure of the materials to be stored. _ The storage temperature and pressure. _ Toxicity of the petroleum material In order to meet the environmental constraints on air pollution, […]
Centrifugal Pumps
pump converts mechanical energy into pressure in a flowing liquid. A centrifugal pump does this by centrifugal action, in two steps. Refer to Figure below. (1) A centrifugal pump has two major components: the internal impeller and the outer casing. The liquid enters the suction of the pump at A. It then flows to B and outward […]
Oil Pipeline Testing Methods
Federal minimum pipeline safety regulations that establish minimum requirements for liquid pipeline safety integrity management allow four approaches to assess pipeline integrity: 1) Inline inspection or “ILI,” often called smart pigging, 2) hydrotesting, 3) direct assesment for external corrosion, 4) an equilavelent other technology that must be noticed and demonstrated to PHMSA before it is […]
Industrial Boiler Design
A boiler is any closed vessel in which for any purpose, steam is generated under pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. It includes any economizer used to heat to the water fed to the boiler, any super heater used for heating steam, and any pipes and fitting connected to the equipment. The boiler system comprises of a […]
Understanding Net Positive Suction Head
Atmospheric Pressure Until the early 17th century air was largely misunderstood. Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian scientist, was one of the first to discover that air, like water, has weight. He once said, “We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of the element air.” The weight of this “ocean” of air exerts a force […]
Storage Tanks Types
Tank Types Tanks are usually described according to their function or their construction. Their function may be receiving, settling, treating, dehydrating, washing, desalinating, storing or exporting. The construction is limited to two main categories: a. Fixed-roof-tanks b. Floating-roof tanks. a) Fixed-Roof Tanks see our Storage Tanks Books section As the name implies, […]
process Control
Introduction to Process Control Safety regulations, stronger competition between each plant, tougher environmental regulations, and cost effectiveness have been key factors in the tightening of plant product quality specifications. The complexity of modern process plants had been increasing rapidly. As a result of this modern processes have become more difficult to operate because of the trend toward larger, more […]
Pump Selection
Type of Pump The selection of type and construction of a pump is very important to meet the process specification and proper application. Knowledge of the variety of pumps in the market should be review. It is mentioned before, that there are two general types of pump in today’s industry: positive displacement and centrifugal (dynamic) pumps. Positive […]
Air Compressor System
There are several uses for compressed air in a plant. Many valves and instruments are pneumatic. Maintenance and construction tools often require compressed air as a power source. Air is required in some processes. It is used for decoking furnaces and for regenerating some catalysts and desiccants. Figure 1 shows a typical compressed air system […]