Bernoulli Equation It is customary to express the energy contained in a fluid in terms of the potential energy contained in an equivalent height or “head” of a column of the fluid. Using this convention, Bernoulli’s theorem breaks down the total energy at a point in terms of: 1. The head due to its […]
Category: Petroleum - English
a collection of petroleum articles
Crude Oil Components
On average, crude oil are made of the following elements or compounds: Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, […]
Surface & Subsurface Production Equipments and Accessories
Surface Production Equipment - Well head - X-mass tree Subsurface Production Equipment - Tubing - Packer - Bridge Plug - Safety Valve Production Wellheads The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase. The wellhead also incorporates a means of hanging the production tubing […]
what are Emulsions
Removing water from crude oil often requires additional processing beyond gravitational separation. In selecting a treating system, several factors should be considered to determine the most desirable methods of treating the crude oil to contract requirements. Some of these factors are: Tightness of the emulsion. Specific gravity of the oil and produced water. Corrosiveness of […]
Crude Oil Price
First of all we have to understand the Classification of Petroleum Products The petroleum products that may be subject to evaluation can be grouped as: crude oil - natural gas - associated products Crude oil is a liquid composite of many hydrocarbon compounds that, depending on the composition, has differing properties such as oil gravity, […]
Petroleum Traps part 1
In addition to the requirement that source rock exists for the generation of hydrocarbons, and that reservoir rock exists for the storage and production of the generated hydrocarbons, traps must also exist to trap, or seal, the hydrocarbon in place forming a hydrocarbon reservoir. The fluids of the subsurface migrate according to density. As previously […]
Life of an Oil or Gas Field
by Abass Radhi Abbas The Exploration and Production Lifecycle There are five stages in the exploration and production ‘lifecycle’. These stages step through how hydrocarbons are discovered to what happens after an oil or gas field is decommissioned. Each stage is described below in terms of the activities, jobs, cost and time involved. There are […]
Petroleum Traps part 2
1. pinchout: are the result of the changes in deposition of the sediment. Thick layers of mud are covered by thinner layers of sand from migrating shoreline, or by the sand deposited by large rivers. As sea level changes, or rivers migrate, the different sand and mud layers are interwoven creating lenses or pinch-outs. These […]
What is Oxygen Scavenger
Is oxygen corrosive? Yes. Oxygen is a highly reactive gaseous element. In the presence of steel, the corrosion rate of oxygen doubles for each 30°F rise in temperature. For example, in a boiler system operating at 400 psig and 444°F, the corrosion rate for oxygen is 256 times more reactive than at room temperature. How […]
Effective and Relative Permeability
Mustafa AbdulSattar When there is only one type of fluid flowing through porous media, the permeability for this case is called “absolute permeability.” However, when there is more than one type of fluids present in a rock, a permeability of each fluid to flow is decreased because another fluid will be moving in […]
HSE in Drilling
An effective HSE program is characterized by no injury to people, no loss of property, and no harm to the environment. Great HSE performance is anindication of great leadership. It is much more than statistics, although measurements are necessary to facilitate performance improvement. HSE must be considered a core responsibility for all business participants, operators, […]
What is Crude Oil
Petroleum, meaning literally “rock oil,” is the term used to describe a myriad of hydrocarbon-rich fluids that have accumulated in subterranean reservoirs. (also called crude oil) varies dramatically in color, odor, and flow properties that reflect the diversity of its origin. Petroleum products are any petroleum-based products that can be obtained by […]
Geophysical Techniques
Author: Mustafa AbdulSattar Gravitational, Magnetic, Radioactive and Thermal are depend on the rock inherent properties Like (Density, Magnetism, temperature and radioactive properties) —-Passive Electric–natural Currents or Artificial Electrical Source—passive Seismic-Artificial Source of Energy —Active The Gravity Method: The weight of any body depends on the force of gravity at the spot. The force of […]